Imininingwane enzuzo
Indlela yokuthumela:Ukuthunyelwa ngolwandle
Ukubonisa umlingani
Ibhodi Elihlanganisiwe Lokuhlobisa Lokufudumala Kodonga Lwangaphandle
(I) Incazelo Yomkhiqizo
Ibhodi elihlanganisiwe lokuhlobisa udonga lwangaphandle elihlanganisa ukufudumala kwezindonga liyinto yokwakha eluhlaza eyonga amandla ekhuthazwa kakhulu ezweni lonke. Lishintsha ngokuphelele indlela yokwakha emanzi edingekayo yokuhlukanisa ukufudumala nokuhlobisa odongeni lwangaphandle lwendabuko, lihlanganisa ukufudumala, ukugcina ukushisa, ukuvimbela amanzi, ukuhlobisa, ukuvikela nokumelana nokuqhekeka kube umkhiqizo owodwa. Lisebenza njengento eyinhloko yokwakha izakhiwo ezintsha, ukulungisa izakhiwo ezindala ukonga amandla, kanye nemisebenzi yezimoto eziphakeme. Njengamabhodi aqediwe enziwe efektri akhiwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwengcindezi ephezulu yezinto eziyinhloko zokufudumala, amabhodi ayisisekelo ahlanganisiwe, izinto zokuvikela kanye nezingqimba zokuhlobisa ezingaphezulu ngemishini yezimboni ezenzakalelayo, anesakhiwo esihlanganisiwe nokusebenza okuhlelekile, okuxazulula ngokuyisisekelo izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zemboni yezinhlelo zokufudumala zodonga lwangaphandle zendabuko ezifana nokuqhekeka, ukungena kwamanzi, ukuwa, ukwehluleka kokufudumala kanye nokuphila isikhathi esifushane, futhi asebenza kabanzi emisebenzini yezindonga zangaphandle zezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zomphakathi, zezimboni nezomphakathi.
Ngokwesakhiwo sezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ibhodi lisebenzisa isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezingqimba ezine eziqondile esenziwe ngobuciko ukuze ukusebenza kwengqimba ngayinye kuhambisane. Ungqimba olungaphansi luyisisekelo esiqinile esingaphansi esenziwe ngezinto ezingaphili ezinamandla, ezinokuqina okuphezulu, ukungaguquki kobuso, ukumelana nokugoba kanye nokungangeni kwamanzi, okunikeza ukusekela okuzinzile kwesakhiwo sebhodi lonke. Ungqimba olumaphakathi luyinto eyinhloko yokugodola esebenza kahle kakhulu, okuhlanganisa i-rock wool yekilasi A, i-extruded polystyrene board, i-graphite polystyrene board kanye ne-polyurethane. Abasebenzisi bangakhetha izinhlobo ezifanele ngokuya ngezinga lokuvikela umlilo, amazinga okonga amandla kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa. Zonke izinto eziyinhloko ziphathwa ngokumelana nomlilo, ukuvikelwa komswakama kanye nokuqina, futhi zine-thermal conductivity ephansi kanye nokugodola okuhle kakhulu nokumelana nomlilo. Ungqimba olungaphezulu luyisivikelo esiqinile esimelana nokuqhekeka, esimelana ne-asidi ne-alkali, esimelana nokuguga kanye nokumelana nokudonswa, okuvimbela ngempumelelo umthelela wangaphandle nokuguguleka kwemvelo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka nokulimala kwebhodi. Ungqimba olungaphezulu kakhulu luwukuphela okuphezulu okumelana nesimo sezulu, okuhlanganisa upende we-fluorocarbon, upende wetshe langempela, ukulingisa itshe, ukulingisa izitini kanye nopende bemibala ehlukahlukene, okunamathela kahle, okuminyene kakhulu, okungangeni manzi nokungangcoli kanye nokugcina umbala okumelana nesimo sezulu.
Ngokuqondene nokucaciswa kwemininingwane kanye namapharamitha, kukhona osayizi abajwayelekile kanye nabenziwe ngokwezidingo ezithile. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile busukela ku-30mm kuya ku-120mm nobubanzi obuvamile obungu-1220mm kanye no-1500mm nobude obujwayelekile obungu-2440mm kanye no-3000mm. Ubukhulu obukhethekile kanye nosayizi abakhethekile bungenziwa ngokwezindinganiso zokonga amandla ezakhiwo kanye nezidingo zokwakha. Ibhodi lincane futhi linamandla aphezulu nesisindo seyunithi esingaphansi noma esilingana no-20kg/㎡, okuletha umfutho ophansi womthwalo futhi akunikezi umthwalo owengeziwe ezindongeni zezakhiwo nasezisekelweni, ikakhulukazi lifaneleka emaphrojekthini okwakha izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu, eziphakeme kakhulu kanye nokulungisa izakhiwo ezindala ukuze kuqedwe izingozi zokuphepha zokuwa kwezindonga zangaphandle. Ibhodi linobuso obuyisicaba obuphezulu obushelelezi obungenamaphutha, ukugoba emaphethelweni nokushintshashintsha, okubeka isisekelo esiqinile somphumela wonke wobuhle bezinhlangothi zangaphandle.
Ngokwezici eziyinhloko nemisebenzi, amabhodi ahlanganisiwe okuhlobisa angaphandle okufudumeza odongeni anezinzuzo eziyisithupha eziyinhloko: ukonga amandla okuphezulu, ukuphepha kokungavuthi, ukumelana namanzi nokuqhekeka, ukumelana nesimo sezulu isikhathi eside, ubungani bemvelo nokusebenza kahle kwezokwakha. Mayelana nokonga amandla, ungqimba lokufudumeza oluqhubekayo oluphelele olungenamphumela webhuloho lokushisa luvimbela ngempumelelo ukudluliswa kokushisa phakathi kwezindawo zangaphakathi nangaphandle ngezinga lokonga amandla ezakhiweni elifinyelela ku-75%, lihlangabezana ngokugcwele nezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokonga amandla ezakhiweni, linciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezokufudumeza nokupholisa ezakhiweni, futhi lifeza izidingo zokwakha eziluhlaza ezinokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuphansi. Mayelana nokuphepha, izinto eziyinhloko ezingavuthi zohlobo A azikhiqizi intuthu eminyene, izinto eziconsayo noma igesi enobuthi uma kukhona umlilo, zidlula ukuhlolwa kokuphepha komlilo kukazwelonke futhi zihlangabezana namakhodi okuphepha komlilo ezakhiweni eziphakeme nezindawo zomphakathi ezinabantu abaningi. Mayelana nokuvikelwa, isakhiwo esivaleke ngokuphelele sivimbela ngokuphelele ukungena kwamanzi emvula nomswakama, sinokumelana okuhle nokucindezela komoya, ukumelana nokuqhekeka nokuguga, simelana nokuchayeka ekushiseni okuphezulu, ukushisa nokushisa okubandayo nokuguguleka komoya nomvula ukuze kugwenywe ukungena kwamanzi, ukukhula kwesikhunta nokushintsha ukuma ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, zonke izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingenayo i-formaldehyde ziyizinto ezilungele imvelo, ezingenazo izithasiselo ezingcolisayo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza futhi azikhiphi i-formaldehyde, i-benzene nezinye izinto eziyingozi, zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokwamukelwa kwemvelo ezakhiweni.
Ngokuqondene nezimo zokusebenza, inobubanzi obuphelele nobuqondisiwe bokusebenza: ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ifaneleka ukufakwa kwezindonga zangaphandle ezintsha zokugcina ukushisa nokulungiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala eziphezulu, izindlu zama-villa, izindlu zesitayela saseNtshonalanga kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlaliswa kwabantu; ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ifaneleka izikole, izibhedlela, amahhovisi kahulumeni, izitolo ezinkulu, amahhotela, amahhovisi, amajimu kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezinabantu abaningi; ezakhiweni zezimboni, ingasetshenziselwa ukonga amandla emidwebeni yezindonga zangaphandle zezimboni ezijwayelekile, amapaki esayensi nokusungula, izizinda zokugcina izimpahla kanye namapaki ezimboni; emaphrojekthini okulungisa, iyinto ekhethwayo yokuvuselela ubuso bezindonga zezindawo zokuhlala ezindala, ukuthuthukiswa kokonga amandla ezakhiwo ezikhona, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemigwaqo yasemadolobheni kanye nokulungiswa kobuso bezakhiwo ezindala zasedolobheni. Ngokufanayo, ivumelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene zendawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa ukubanda okukhulu, ukushisa okukhulu, izindawo ezisogwini nezangaphakathi, ifaneleka izakhiwo eziphakeme nezephansi, ingasetshenziswa zonke izinkathi zonyaka futhi inokukwazi ukuzivumelanisa okungcono kunezinto zokwakha zangaphandle zendabuko.
(I) Incazelo Yomkhiqizo
Ibhodi elihlanganisiwe lokuhlobisa udonga lwangaphandle elihlanganisa ukufudumala kwezindonga liyinto yokwakha eluhlaza eyonga amandla ekhuthazwa kakhulu ezweni lonke. Lishintsha ngokuphelele indlela yokwakha emanzi edingekayo yokuhlukanisa ukufudumala nokuhlobisa odongeni lwangaphandle lwendabuko, lihlanganisa ukufudumala, ukugcina ukushisa, ukuvimbela amanzi, ukuhlobisa, ukuvikela nokumelana nokuqhekeka kube umkhiqizo owodwa. Lisebenza njengento eyinhloko yokwakha izakhiwo ezintsha, ukulungisa izakhiwo ezindala ukonga amandla, kanye nemisebenzi yezimoto eziphakeme. Njengamabhodi aqediwe enziwe efektri akhiwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwengcindezi ephezulu yezinto eziyinhloko zokufudumala, amabhodi ayisisekelo ahlanganisiwe, izinto zokuvikela kanye nezingqimba zokuhlobisa ezingaphezulu ngemishini yezimboni ezenzakalelayo, anesakhiwo esihlanganisiwe nokusebenza okuhlelekile, okuxazulula ngokuyisisekelo izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zemboni yezinhlelo zokufudumala zodonga lwangaphandle zendabuko ezifana nokuqhekeka, ukungena kwamanzi, ukuwa, ukwehluleka kokufudumala kanye nokuphila isikhathi esifushane, futhi asebenza kabanzi emisebenzini yezindonga zangaphandle zezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zomphakathi, zezimboni nezomphakathi.
Ngokwesakhiwo sezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ibhodi lisebenzisa isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezingqimba ezine eziqondile esenziwe ngobuciko ukuze ukusebenza kwengqimba ngayinye kuhambisane. Ungqimba olungaphansi luyisisekelo esiqinile esingaphansi esenziwe ngezinto ezingaphili ezinamandla, ezinokuqina okuphezulu, ukungaguquki kobuso, ukumelana nokugoba kanye nokungangeni kwamanzi, okunikeza ukusekela okuzinzile kwesakhiwo sebhodi lonke. Ungqimba olumaphakathi luyinto eyinhloko yokugodola esebenza kahle kakhulu, okuhlanganisa i-rock wool yekilasi A, i-extruded polystyrene board, i-graphite polystyrene board kanye ne-polyurethane. Abasebenzisi bangakhetha izinhlobo ezifanele ngokuya ngezinga lokuvikela umlilo, amazinga okonga amandla kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa. Zonke izinto eziyinhloko ziphathwa ngokumelana nomlilo, ukuvikelwa komswakama kanye nokuqina, futhi zine-thermal conductivity ephansi kanye nokugodola okuhle kakhulu nokumelana nomlilo. Ungqimba olungaphezulu luyisivikelo esiqinile esimelana nokuqhekeka, esimelana ne-asidi ne-alkali, esimelana nokuguga kanye nokumelana nokudonswa, okuvimbela ngempumelelo umthelela wangaphandle nokuguguleka kwemvelo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka nokulimala kwebhodi. Ungqimba olungaphezulu kakhulu luwukuphela okuphezulu okumelana nesimo sezulu, okuhlanganisa upende we-fluorocarbon, upende wetshe langempela, ukulingisa itshe, ukulingisa izitini kanye nopende bemibala ehlukahlukene, okunamathela kahle, okuminyene kakhulu, okungangeni manzi nokungangcoli kanye nokugcina umbala okumelana nesimo sezulu.
Ngokuqondene nokucaciswa kwemininingwane kanye namapharamitha, kukhona osayizi abajwayelekile kanye nabenziwe ngokwezidingo ezithile. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile busukela ku-30mm kuya ku-120mm nobubanzi obuvamile obungu-1220mm kanye no-1500mm nobude obujwayelekile obungu-2440mm kanye no-3000mm. Ubukhulu obukhethekile kanye nosayizi abakhethekile bungenziwa ngokwezindinganiso zokonga amandla ezakhiwo kanye nezidingo zokwakha. Ibhodi lincane futhi linamandla aphezulu nesisindo seyunithi esingaphansi noma esilingana no-20kg/㎡, okuletha umfutho ophansi womthwalo futhi akunikezi umthwalo owengeziwe ezindongeni zezakhiwo nasezisekelweni, ikakhulukazi lifaneleka emaphrojekthini okwakha izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu, eziphakeme kakhulu kanye nokulungisa izakhiwo ezindala ukuze kuqedwe izingozi zokuphepha zokuwa kwezindonga zangaphandle. Ibhodi linobuso obuyisicaba obuphezulu obushelelezi obungenamaphutha, ukugoba emaphethelweni nokushintshashintsha, okubeka isisekelo esiqinile somphumela wonke wobuhle bezinhlangothi zangaphandle.
Ngokwezici eziyinhloko nemisebenzi, amabhodi ahlanganisiwe okuhlobisa angaphandle okufudumeza odongeni anezinzuzo eziyisithupha eziyinhloko: ukonga amandla okuphezulu, ukuphepha kokungavuthi, ukumelana namanzi nokuqhekeka, ukumelana nesimo sezulu isikhathi eside, ubungani bemvelo nokusebenza kahle kwezokwakha. Mayelana nokonga amandla, ungqimba lokufudumeza oluqhubekayo oluphelele olungenamphumela webhuloho lokushisa luvimbela ngempumelelo ukudluliswa kokushisa phakathi kwezindawo zangaphakathi nangaphandle ngezinga lokonga amandla ezakhiweni elifinyelela ku-75%, lihlangabezana ngokugcwele nezindinganiso zikazwelonke zokonga amandla ezakhiweni, linciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezokufudumeza nokupholisa ezakhiweni, futhi lifeza izidingo zokwakha eziluhlaza ezinokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuphansi. Mayelana nokuphepha, izinto eziyinhloko ezingavuthi zohlobo A azikhiqizi intuthu eminyene, izinto eziconsayo noma igesi enobuthi uma kukhona umlilo, zidlula ukuhlolwa kokuphepha komlilo kukazwelonke futhi zihlangabezana namakhodi okuphepha komlilo ezakhiweni eziphakeme nezindawo zomphakathi ezinabantu abaningi. Mayelana nokuvikelwa, isakhiwo esivaleke ngokuphelele sivimbela ngokuphelele ukungena kwamanzi emvula nomswakama, sinokumelana okuhle nokucindezela komoya, ukumelana nokuqhekeka nokuguga, simelana nokuchayeka ekushiseni okuphezulu, ukushisa nokushisa okubandayo nokuguguleka komoya nomvula ukuze kugwenywe ukungena kwamanzi, ukukhula kwesikhunta nokushintsha ukuma ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Mayelana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, zonke izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingenayo i-formaldehyde ziyizinto ezilungele imvelo, ezingenazo izithasiselo ezingcolisayo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza futhi azikhiphi i-formaldehyde, i-benzene nezinye izinto eziyingozi, zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokwamukelwa kwemvelo ezakhiweni.
Ngokuqondene nezimo zokusebenza, inobubanzi obuphelele nobuqondisiwe bokusebenza: ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ifaneleka ukufakwa kwezindonga zangaphandle ezintsha zokugcina ukushisa nokulungiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala eziphezulu, izindlu zama-villa, izindlu zesitayela saseNtshonalanga kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlaliswa kwabantu; ezakhiweni zomphakathi, ifaneleka izikole, izibhedlela, amahhovisi kahulumeni, izitolo ezinkulu, amahhotela, amahhovisi, amajimu kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezinabantu abaningi; ezakhiweni zezimboni, ingasetshenziselwa ukonga amandla emidwebeni yezindonga zangaphandle zezimboni ezijwayelekile, amapaki esayensi nokusungula, izizinda zokugcina izimpahla kanye namapaki ezimboni; emaphrojekthini okulungisa, iyinto ekhethwayo yokuvuselela ubuso bezindonga zezindawo zokuhlala ezindala, ukuthuthukiswa kokonga amandla ezakhiwo ezikhona, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemigwaqo yasemadolobheni kanye nokulungiswa kobuso bezakhiwo ezindala zasedolobheni. Ngokufanayo, ivumelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene zendawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa ukubanda okukhulu, ukushisa okukhulu, izindawo ezisogwini nezangaphakathi, ifaneleka izakhiwo eziphakeme nezephansi, ingasetshenziswa zonke izinkathi zonyaka futhi inokukwazi ukuzivumelanisa okungcono kunezinto zokwakha zangaphandle zendabuko.
