Usadidekile yini ngokwehluka phakathi kwensimbi engagqwali nensimbi engagqwali? Ungayihlukanisa kanjani? Ngemuva kokufunda lokhu, uzokwazi.

Ins-teynelisi insimbi ngokuvamile igama elijwayelekile lensimbi engagqwali kanye nensimbi ekwazi ukumelana ne-asidi. Insimbi engagqwali ibhekisa ensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nemidiya ebuthakathaka njengomoya, umusi, nokugqwala kwamanzi, kanti insimbi ekwazi ukumelana ne-asidi ibhekisa ensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nemidiya yokukhafula amakhemikhali njenge-asidi, i-alkali, nokugqwala kukasawoti. Umehluko phakathi kwensimbi engagqwali kanye nensimbi engagqwali usezingxenyeni zikanikela.

Ins-teynelisi yensimbi uhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali eyenziwe ngokucubungula insimbi eyisibuyekezo, umhlabathi, insimbi, nezinye izinto ngokwelashwa kwe-furnace yesibili nokukhipha i-sintering. Amamodeli ayo ahlanganisa i-409 410 430 444, ezihlukaniswa njenge-martensitic kanye ne-ferritic stainless steels. Inezakhiwo zikagesimende uma isetshenziswa njenge-magnet. I-Austenitic stainless steels ihlanganisa i-201 202 304 321 316L, njll.

Ins_t_e_l_e_ (eyaziwa nangokuthi ins_t_e_l_e_ ekwazi ukumelana ne-acid) ibhekisa ku-ins_t_e_l_e_ engakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala okubangelwa imidiya ye-chemical atmospheric noma ye-acidic. Ins_t_e_l_e_ engagqwali ayigqwali, kodwa ukugqwala kwayo kuyahlukahluka emidiyeni ehlukene. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zens_t_e_l_e_ ezingagqwali ezinezimfanelo ezahlukene, futhi ziye zakha izigaba ezinkulu eziningana kwinqubo yokuthuthukiswa.

Ngokwezinga lokuhlelwa, ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezine: ins_t_e_l_e_ ye-martensitic (kuhlanganise ne-precipitation hardened stainless steel), ins_t_e_l_e_ ye-ferritic, ins_t_e_l_e_ ye-austenitic, kanye ne-austenitic ferritic duplex stainless steel;

Ngokwezinga le-chemical composition eyinhloko ye-steel noma ezinye izakhi ezibalulekile ku-steel, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-chromium stainless steel, i-chromium nickel stainless steel, i-chromium nickel molybdenum stainless steel, i-low-carbon stainless steel, i-high molybdenum stainless steel, i-high-purity stainless steel, njll;

Ngokwezici zokusebenza kanye nezicelo zensimbi, ingahlukaniswa ibe yinsimbi engagqwalelwa yi-nitric acid, insimbi engagqwalelwa yi-sulfuric acid, insimbi engagqwalelwa yi-pitting corrosion, insimbi engagqwalelwa yi-stress corrosion, insimbi enamandla aphezulu, njalo njalo;

Ngokwezici zemisebenzi yensimbi, ingahlukaniswa ibe yinsimbi ye-low-temperature, insimbi engadonsi ugesi, insimbi elula ukuyisika, insimbi ye-superplasticity, njalo njalo.

Indlela yokuhlukanisa esetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje isekelwe ezicini zokwakheka kanye nengxubevange yensimbi, kanye nenhlanganisela yazo zombili. Ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa ibe yinsimbi ye-martensitic, insimbi ye-ferritic, insimbi ye-austenitic, insimbi ye-duplex, kanye nensimbi ye-precipitation hardening, noma izigaba ezimbili: insimbi ye-chromium kanye nensimbi ye-nickel.

a、 Insimbi ye-Martensitic

The commonly used martensitic stainless steel has a carbon content of 0.1-0.45% and a chromium content of 12-14%, belonging to chromium stainless steel, usually referring to Cr13 type stainless steel. Typical steel grades include 1Cr13, 2Cr13, 3Cr13, 4Cr13, etc. This type of steel is generally used to make various valves, pumps, and other parts that can withstand loads and require corrosion resistance, as well as some stainless tools.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqwala, okuqukethwe kwe-carbon yensimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic kulawulwa ebangeni eliphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile lingeqi u-0.4%. Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-carbon kuphansi, kulapho ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi kungcono, kanti lapho okuqukethwe kwe-carbon kuphezulu, kulapho okuqukethwe kwe-carbon emgqeni omkhulu kungaphezulu, okuholela ekwandeni kwamandla nokuqina kwensimbi; Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-carbon kuphezulu, ama-chromium carbides amaningi ayenziwa, futhi ukumelana kwawo nokugqwala kuba kubi kakhulu. Akunzima ukubona ukuthi izinkomba zamandla nokuqina kwe-4Cr13 zingcono kuneze-1Cr13, kodwa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala akufani neze ne-1Cr13.

1Cr13 kanye no-2Cr13 zinamandla okumelana nokugqwala komoya, umusi nezinye izinto, futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinsimbi ezakhiwe ezimelana nokugqwala. Ukuze kufezekiswe ukusebenza kahle okuphelele, ukupholisa nokubuyisela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (600-700 ℃) kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuthola i-martensite ebuyiselwe, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinsingo zamalungu omshini wokushintsha, izingxenye zokufakelwa zamapayipi e-boiler, njll. Kodwa-ke, izinsimbi ezi-3Cr13 kanye no-4Cr13 zinokumelana nokugqwala okungaphansi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwazo okuphezulu kwekhabhoni. Ngokupholisa nokubuyisela izinga lokushisa eliphansi (200 ~ 300 ℃), kutholwa i-martensite ebuyiselwe, enamandla aphezulu nokuqina (HRC kufika ku-50). Ngakho-ke, zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinsimbi zamathuluzi ukukhiqiza izinto zokwelashwa, amathuluzi okusika, izikhiye zamalungu omshini we-hot oil pump, njll.

b、 Insimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic

Insundu yensimbi evame ukusetshenziswa inokuqukethwe kwe-carbon engaphansi kuka-0.15% kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okungu-12-30%, okungaphansi kwensundu ye-chromium. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zensimbi zihlanganisa i-0Cr13, i-1Cr17, i-1Cr17Ti, i-1Cr28, njll. Ngenxa yokwehla kwe-carbon okuphathelene nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okwandayo, i-microstructure yensimbi ihlala iyisimo esisodwa se-ferrite lapho ifudunyezwa kusuka ezingeni lokushisa lokujwayelekile kuya ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu (960-1100 ℃). Ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala, i-plasticity, kanye ne-weldability konke kungcono kune-martensitic stainless steel. Ngensundu yensimbi ye-ferritic ephezulu ye-chromium, ikhono layo lokumelana nokugqwala okuphakathi liyinhle, futhi ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kuya ngokuya kuthuthuka ngokwanda kwe-chromium.

Ukungeza i-titanium ensimbi kungayihlanza usayizi wezinhlamvu, kubambezele i-carbon ne-nitrogen, futhi kuthuthukise uqine nokuhlanganiseka kwensimbi. InsSimbi engagqwalile ye-ferritic ayikwazi ukuqiniswa ngezindlela zokwelashwa ngokushisa ngoba ayiguquki isigaba lapho ifudunyezwa futhi ipholiswa. Uma izinhlamvu ziba nkulu ngesikhathi sokufudumala, ukugobisa okubandayo nokuvuselela kungasetshenziswa kuphela ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo nezinzuzo. Uma lolu hlobo lwensimbi luhlala ku-450-550 ℃, luzobangela ukuba insimbi ibe buthakathaka, eyaziwa ngokuthi "ubuthakathaka be-475 ℃". Ngokufudumala cishe ku-600 ℃ bese kupholisa ngokushesha, ubuthakathaka bungasuswa. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi lolu hlobo lwensimbi, lapho lufudunyezwa isikhathi eside ku-600-800 ℃, luzokhiqiza futhi isigaba esiqinile nesibuthakathaka se-σ, okubangela ukuthi impahla ibonise ubuthakathaka besigaba se-σ.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokupholisa okusheshayo ngaphezu kuka-9250C, kukhona ukuthambekela kokugqwala okungaphakathi kwamagranule nokuba buthakathaka okubangelwa ukukhula okukhulu kwamagranule. Lezi zimo ziyizinkinga ezinkulu ezingxenyeni zokushisela. Lezi zimo zingaqedwa ngokushisa okufushane ku-650-815 ℃. Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lunezinhlobonhlobo eziphansi kakhulu kune-martensitic stainless steel futhi lusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni izingxenye ezimelana nokugqwala, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ze-nitric acid nezomanyolo we-nitrogen.

c、 Insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic

Ukufaka u-8-11% Ni ensimbi equkethe u-18% Cr kwenza insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic. I-1Cr18Ni9 iyisibonelo esivamile kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lwandisa indawo ye-austenite ngenxa yokwengezwa kukani, okwenza isakhiwo se-austenite esisodwa esingazinzile ekamelweni lokushisa. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-chromium ne-nickel kanye nesakhiwo se-austenitic esisodwa, inokuzinza okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali nokumelana nokugqwala okungcono kune-chromium stainless steel, okwenza kube uhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu lwe-stainless steel njengamanje.

Insimbi engagqwalile ye-18-8 ibonisa isakhiwo se-austenite+carbide esesimweni esipholile. Ubukhona bama-carbide bungadala umonakalo omkhulu ekumeleni kwensimbi ukugqwala. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokwelashwa ngesisombululo isetshenziswa kakhulu, okubandakanya ukufudumeza insimbi ku-1100 ℃ bese uyipholisa ngamanzi ukuze uncibilikise ama-carbide ku-austenite etholwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngokuphola okusheshayo, kutholakala isakhiwo se-austenite esiyisigaba esisodwa ezingeni lokushisa lokujwayelekile.

Ins simbi engagqwalile eyaziwa kakhulu ibhekisa ku-ferritic stainless steel kanye ne-martensitic stainless steel. Isetshenziselwa ukuyihlukanisa ne-austenitic stainless steel esetshenziswa kakhulu enokusebenza kahle kokuvimbela ukugqwala.

d. Austenitic ferritic duplex stainless steel

Kuyinsimbi engagqwali enezakhiwo ze-austenite ne-ferrite, ngayinye ibalelwa cishe ingxenye. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-C kuphansi, okuqukethwe kwe-Cr kungaphakathi kuka-18% no-28%, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-Ni kungaphakathi kuka-3% no-10%. Ezinye izinsimbi ziqukethe izakhiwo ezifana ne-Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti, N, njll. Lolu hlobo lensimbi luhlanganisa izici zensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic neye-ferritic. Uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic, inokunwebeka nokuba namandla aphezulu, ayiqhekeki ekamelweni lokushisa, ithuthukiswe kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala phakathi kwamagranule nokusebenza kahle kokushisela. Ngaleso sikhathi, igcina ukugqekezeka kwe-475 ℃ nokudluliswa okushisayo okuphezulu kwensimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic, futhi inezici ezifana ne-superplasticity.

Uma kuqhathaniswa insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, inamandla aphezulu futhi ithuthukiswe kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala okungaphakathi kwamagranule nokugqwala okubangelwa ukucindezeleka kwe-chloride. Insimbi engagqwali ye-dual phase inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala okubangelwa amachashaza futhi futhi iyinsimbi engagqwali eyonga i-nickel.

Ungahlukanisa kanjani phakathi kwensimbi engagqwali nemikhiqizo ye-"insimbi engagqwali"?

Ukuqashelwa emakhoweni: Imikhiqizo eminingi yensimbi engagqwali inezimpawu zensimbi ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, njenge-13-0, 18-8, njll. Inombolo engaphambi komugqa omfushane ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwe-chromium emkhiqizweni, kanti inombolo engemuva komugqa omfushane ikhombisa okuqukethwe kwe-nickel emkhiqizweni. Njenge-13-0, iqukethe i-chromium kuphela futhi ayina-nickel, eyaziwa ngokuthi "insimbi engagqwali"; Futhi i-18-8 ikhombisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uqukethe i-chromium ne-nickel, okuyinsimbi engagqwali. Ngokuxoxisana ngezwi: Ukuthepha ensimbi engagqwali noma imikhiqizo "yensimbi engagqwali" kungasetshenziswa njengendlela yokwahlulela. Ukudonswa ngezinsimbi ezingapheli: Ins simbi engagqwali yangempela ayidonswa izinsimbi, kanti "insimbi engagqwali" ingadonswa izinsimbi. Yize kunezehluko ezakhiweni phakathi "kwensimbi engagqwali" nensimbi engagqwali, ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kungcono kakhulu kuneziphuzo zensimbi eyenziwe ngayo nensimbi eyenziwe ngayo.