Uhlolojikelele Lomkhiqizo Lo mkhiqizo iyibhawodi yekhanda eliyisithupha eliqinile kakhulu elakhiwe nge-alloy steel (ngokuvamile i-42CrMo noma i-SCM435) ku-Property Class 12.9 ngokwe-ISO 898-1 — izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lamandla ajwayelekile ezinto zokubopha ze-metric. Ibhawodi inekhanda eliyisithupha elijwayelekile elinenthungo ekhulukazi ye-metric M16 × 2.0, futhi iqedwa ngokwelashwa kwendawo okumnyama (blackening). Umkhiqizo uhambisana nezindinganiso zobukhulu ze-DIN 931 (inthungo engaphelele) kanye ne-DIN 933 (inthungo ephelele), kanti ezinye izilinganiso kusukela ku-M8 kuya ku-M36 ziyatholakala ngokucela. Isichasiso se-Grade 12.9 sikhombisa amandla okudonsa okungenani angu-1,220 MPa kanye namandla okukhiqiza okungenani angu-1,100 MPa, okwenza lezi bhawodi zifanele izinhlelo ezidinga kakhulu zamandla aphezulu emishinini esindayo, insimbi yesakhiwo, amathuluzi esikhunta/edayi, kanye nemishini kawoyela negesi. I-black oxide finish inikeza ukubukeka okumnyama okucwebezelayo, okungenamafutha kuyilapho iqeda ingozi ye-hydrogen embrittlement ehambisana ne-electroplating — inzuzo ebalulekile yokuphepha ezintweni zokubopha ezinamandla aphezulu. Ukwelashwa kwe-black oxide iyindlela yokugcina yendawo ethandwayo yezibhawodi ezinamandla aphezulu (Grade 8.8–12.9) ezimbonini zomhlaba wonke ze-OEM, okushayelwa phambili i-metallurgy, ukusebenza kwemishini, ukunemba kwenthungo, kanye nokuthembeka kokuhlangana kwesikhathi eside. Impahla Nesigaba Samandla Ipharamitha Imininingwane Impahla I-Alloy steel (42CrMo, SCM435, 35CrMo) Isigaba 12.9 ngokwe-ISO 898-1 Amandla Okudonsa (okungenani) ≥ 1,220 MPa Amandla Okukhiqiza (okungenani) ≥ 1,100 MPa Umthwalo Wobufakazi ≥ 970 MPa Ubulukhuni HRC 39–44 (cishe 385–435 HV) Isilinganiso Sokukhiqiza Nokudonsa 0.9 Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali C 0.37–0.41%, Cr 0.90–1.20%, Mo 0.15–0.30% Izibhawodi ze-Grade 12.9 zenziwa nge-alloy steel eqinisiwe futhi yathambiswa futhi zifinyelela amandla okudonsa okungenani angu-1,220 MPa ngobulukhuni obungu-38–44 HRC. Ukwakheka kwempahla ngokuvamile kufaka u-0.37–0.41% wekhabhoni, u-0.90–1.20% we-chromium, kanye no-0.15–0.30% we-molybdenum ukuze kukwazi ukuqinisa ngokuphelele. I-Grade 12.9 inikeza cishe u-50% wamandla okudonsa aphezulu kune-Grade 8.8 kanye no-17% aphezulu kune-Grade 10.9, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile ezinengcindezi ephezulu lapho kudingeka khona umthamo ophezulu womthwalo. Izindinganiso Nezicaciso Ipharamitha Imininingwane Uhlobo Lomkhiqizo Ibhawodi Yekhanda Eliyisithupha Elinamandla Aphezulu (Enenthungo Engaphelele / Ephelele) Izindinganiso Zobukhulu I-DIN 931 (inthungo engaphelele) / DIN 933 (inthungo ephelele) / ISO 4014 / ISO 4017 / ASME B18.2.1 Indinganiso Yempahla I-ISO 898-1 Usayizi Wenthungo M16 × 2.0 (okujwayelekile); M8–M36 kuyatholakala Ukubekezelelana Kwenthungo 6g (metric) Ubude 30 mm – 300 mm (kungenziwa ngokwezifiso) Ukuqedwa Kwendawo I-Black Oxide (okujwayelekile) / Plain Izinga Lomkhiqizo A / B I-DIN 931 icacisa izibhawodi zekhanda eliyisithupha ezinenthungo engaphelele ezinesiqu esicwebezelayo, kanti i-DIN 933 icacisa izibhawodi zekhanda eliyisithupha ezinenthungo ephelele. Zombili izindinganiso zihlanganisa amathungo e-metric coarse kusukela ku-M6 kuya ku-M36 kumazinga omkhiqizo A no-B. I-ISO 4014 (inthungo engaphelele) kanye ne-ISO 4017 (inthungo ephelele) yizinto ezilinganayo zamazwe ngamazwe futhi ziyashintshana ngobukhulu ne-DIN 931/933. Izilinganiso Ezibalulekile (Isithenjwa — DIN 933 / ISO 4017) Usayizi Wenthungo (d) I-Pitch (P) mm Ububanzi Kuzo Zonke Izindawo Eziyisicaba (s) mm Ukuphakama Kwekhanda (k) mm Ubude Benthungo (b) M10 1.5 16.0 6.4 Inthungo ephelele M12 1.75 18.0 7.5 Inthungo ephelele M16 2.0 24.0 10.0 Inthungo ephelele M20 2.5 30.0 12.5 Inthungo ephelele M24 3.0 36.0 15.0 Inthungo ephelele M30 3.5 46.0 18.7 Inthungo ephelele Zonke izilinganiso zihambisana nezindinganiso ze-DIN 931 / DIN 933 / ISO 4014 / ISO 4017. Kokuhlelwa kwenthungo engaphelele (DIN 931), ubude benthungo (b) bunqunywa ubude obushiwo (L) ngokwendinganiso. Izici Zemishini (Isithenjwa — Grade 12.9) Usayizi Amandla Okudonsa (MPa) Amandla Okukhiqiza (MPa) Umthwalo Wobufakazi (MPa) Ubulukhuni M10 1,220 1,100 970 385–435 HV M12 1,220 1,100 970 385–435 HV M16 1,220 1,100 970 385–435 HV M20 1,220 1,100 970 385–435 HV M24 1,220 1,100 970 385–435 HV M30 1,220 1,100 970 385–435 HV Izibhawodi ze-Grade 12.9 zifinyelela amandla okudonsa okungenani angu-1,220 MPa kanye nomthwalo wobufakazi okungenani angu-970 MPa. Ubulukhuni be-Rockwell C ngokuvamile busukela ku-39 kuya ku-44 HRC. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza lezibhawodi ze-black oxide Grade 12.9 cishe lingu-300°C. Ukwelashwa Kwendawo Kwe-Black Oxide Ipharamitha Isicaciso Ukujiya Kokumboza 0.5–1.5 μm Ukumelana Ne-Salt Spray 24–96 amahora (kuya ku-red rust, kugcotshwe uwoyela) Ukubukeka Okumnyama kakhulu, okulinganayo okumatte Indlela Yokugqwala Ukuvikelwa Kwesithiyo (akukho ukuvikelwa kokuzidela) Izinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu Lokusebenza ~300°C (okuqhubekayo) Ukugcotshwa Okuthuthukisiwe — kuthuthukisa ukungaguquguquki kwe-torque-tension Ingozi Ye-Hydrogen Embrittlement Ayikho — akukho acid pickling noma electrolysis I-black oxide iyinto yokuguqulwa ekhiqizwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwendawo yensimbi kanye nosawoti okhuqayo, kwakheke ungqimba oluqinile lwe-magnetite (Fe₃O₄) olungu-0.5–1.5 μm ubukhulu. Inqubo yokuguqulwa kwendawo ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi isebenza cishe ku-140–180°C, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho kuguqulwa kwesakhiwo se-quenched-and-tempered futhi akukho kuwohloka kwezici zemishini. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-black oxide ku-Grade 12.9: Ayikho ingozi ye-hydrogen embrittlement — ngokungafani ne-electroplating, i-black oxide ayifaki i-hydrogen ensimbini Igcina ukwakheka kwenthungo — ukumboza okuncane akudingi ukuphinda kusikwe inthungo ngemuva kokumboza Igcina ukunemba kwe-preload — ubudlelwano obungaguquguquki be-torque-tension kumahlanganiswa asekelwe ekungqubuzaneni Ukugcotshwa okuthuthukisiwe — kunciphisa ukungqubuzana ngesikhathi sokuqinisa Inothi elibalulekile le-Grade 12.9: Izibhawodi ze-Grade 12.9 zinobulukhuni obungaphezu kuka-320 HV futhi zisengozini kakhulu ye-hydrogen embrittlement uma zifakwa nge-electroplating. I-black oxide iyindlela yokwelashwa kwendawo ethandwayo ngoba igwema ngokuphelele le ngozi. Isiqondiso somboni sisho ngokusobala ukuthi izikulufu ze-Grade 12.9 ngokuvamile zithola ukwelashwa kwe-black oxide esikhundleni se-electroplating. Izicaciso Ze-Torque (Grade 12.9, Black Oxide) Usayizi I-Torque Yokuginisa Enconywayo (N·m) I-Torque Yokuginisa (ft-lb) M10 48.0 35.4 M12 86.0 63.4 M16 210.0 154.9 M20 410.0 302.4 M24 710.0 523.7 Amanani e-torque acabanga μ = 0.12–0.14 (black oxide, egcotshwe kancane uwoyela). I-black oxide inikeza ukugcotshwa okuthuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi evamile, okungase kunciphise isilinganiso sokungqubuzana futhi kudinge amanani e-torque alungisiwe. Kumahlanganiswa abalulekile, qinisekisa indlela yokuqinisa, ukungqubuzana, kanye ne-preload ekuhlanganyeleni kwangempela usebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-torque-tension ye-ISO 16047. Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Izibhawodi zekhanda eliyisithupha ze-Grade 12.9 black oxide zisetshenziswa kabanzi kuzo zonke izimboni: Insimbi Yesakhiwo Nezokwakha — Ukuxhumana kwe-beam-to-column, ukuqinisa, ukubopha isisekelo sekholomu, ukuxhumana kwamabhuloho Imishini Esindayo — Ama-press, ama-crane, ama-excavator, imishini yezimayini, izingxenye ze-wind turbine Amathuluzi Esikhunta Nedayi — Ukuhlanganisa isisekelo sesikhunta, ukubopha i-ejector plate, ukubopha idayi Izikhungo Zikawoyela Negesi — Imishini ye-wellhead, ama-flange epayipi, ukufakwa kwamaphampu nama-compressor Ukukhiqizwa Kukagesi — Ukufakwa kwe-turbine, ukubopha i-generator, ukuxhumana kombhoshongo wokudlulisa Izimoto Ne-Powertrain — Izingxenye zenjini, izindlu ze-transmission, ukuxhumana kwe-chassis Imishini Yezimboni — Imishini yokubumba nge-injection, imishini ye-hydraulic, ukuhlanganisa imishini ye-CNC Ukuqonda kwesifunda: E-Middle East, izibhawodi zekhanda eliyisithupha ze-Grade 12.9 zivame kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni ama-valve namathuluzi kawoyela negesi, ukufakwa kwemishini esindayo, kanye nokuxhumana kwensimbi yesakhiwo lapho kudingeka khona umthamo ophezulu womthwalo. I-black oxide finish inikeza ukubukeka okucwebezelayo kanye nokuvikelwa okwanele kokugqwala ezindaweni zangaphakathi nezikuvikelekile. Ezinhlelweni zasogwini noma zangaphandle, i-Dacromet (zinc-flake) coating inconywa njengenye indlela enikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu ngaphandle kwengozi ye-hydrogen embrittlement. Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Yonke imikhiqizo ikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi eziqinile ngokuhambisana ne-ISO 898-1 (izici zemishini zezinto zokubopha), DIN 931 / DIN 933, kanye nezindinganiso ze-ISO 4014 / ISO 4017. Izinyathelo zokulawula ikhwalithi ezenziwa kuqoqo ngalinye lokukhiqiza: Ukuqinisekiswa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwempahla ye-alloy steel Ukuhlolwa kokudonsa komzimba webhawodi Ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni ukuqinisekisa u-39–44 HRC wezinga 12.9 Ukuhlolwa komthelela wokuqinisekisa ukuqina Ukuhlolwa kwegeji yenthungo (go/no-go gauges) ukubekezelelana kwe-6g Ukuhlolwa ngokubona izinkinga zendawo kanye nokulingana kokumboza kwe-black oxide Izitifiketi zokuhlolwa kwempahla (EN 10204 3.1), imibiko yokuhlolwa kobukhulu, imibiko yokuhlolwa kobulukhuni, kanye nemibiko yokuhlolwa yabantu besithathu (SGS, BV, CTI) inganikezwa ngokucela. Ukupakisha Nokwenza Ngokwezifiso Ukupakisha Kokuthumela Ngaphandle: Ikhathoni / ibhokisi lokhuni / i-pallet yensimbi Ukupakisha Kwasemakhaya: Ibhokisi elijwayelekile le-corrugated / isikhwama sepulasitiki / ikhathoni elikhulu I-OEM/ODM: Iyatholakala — osayizi abenziwe ngokwezifiso, izinhlobo zenthungo (metric / UNC / UNF / BSW), izinto (alloy steel, carbon steel), kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo (zinc plated, Dacromet, plain) kungakhiqizwa ngokusho kwemidwebo noma amasampula