Uhlolojikelele Lomkhiqizo Lo mkhiqizo iyinhlanganisela yebhawodi enekhanda le-hex yensimbi engagqwali kanye ne-nut eyakhiwe nge-SS304 (A2) kanye ne-SS316L (A4) yensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, ehambisana nezindinganiso zobukhulu ze-DIN 931 / DIN 933 / ISO 4014 / ISO 4017 kanye nezicaciso zempahla ze-ASTM A193 Grade B8 / B8M. Umugqa womkhiqizo uhlanganisa amabhawodi anekhanda le-hex, ama-hex nuts, kanye namabhawodi e-stud anosayizi kusukela ku-M6 kuya ku-M36 (M42–M48 ngesicelo), anokuhlelwa kwe-full-thread kanye ne-partial-thread okutholakalayo. Izinga le-SS304 (A2-70) linikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kwezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha, kuyilapho izinga le-SS316L (A4-70) liqukethe i-2–3% ye-molybdenum yokumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala kwe-chloride pitting kanye ne-crevice corrosion — okuyenza ibe yisinqumo esithandwayo ezindaweni zasogwini, zasolwandle, kanye nezindawo zokucubungula amakhemikhali. I-hex nut inikezwa njengengxenye ehambisana nayo, ifaniswa ngezinga kanye nekilasi lempahla ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okuphelele kanye ne-preload ethembekile. Impahla Nezinga Ipharamitha SS304 / 304L (A2) SS316 / 316L (A4) Impahla AISI 304 / 06Cr19Ni10 AISI 316L / 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 Izinga A2-70 ngokwe-ISO 3506-1 A4-70 ngokwe-ISO 3506-1 Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali C ≤ 0.08%, Mn ≤ 2.0%, Si ≤ 0.75%, Cr 18.0–20.0%, Ni 8.0–10.5%, S ≤ 0.03%, P ≤ 0.045% C ≤ 0.03%, Mn ≤ 2.0%, Si ≤ 0.75%, Cr 16.0–18.0%, Ni 10.0–14.0%, Mo 2.0–3.0%, S ≤ 0.03%, P ≤ 0.045% Amandla Okudonsa (σb) ≥ 700 MPa ≥ 700 MPa Amandla Okukhiqiza (σ0.2) ≥ 450 MPa ≥ 450 MPa Ukwelula (δ5) ≥ 40% ≥ 40% Ubulukhuni ≤ 187 HRB / ≤ 200 HB ≤ 187 HRB / ≤ 200 HB Ukumelana Ne-Salt Spray ≥ 500 amahora ≥ 1,000 amahora Ukungena Kwe-Magnetic Akuyona i-magnetic (i-magnetic kancane uma isetshenziswe ngokubanda) Akuyona i-magnetic I-SS304 (A2-70) iyinsimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic esetshenziswa jikelele enikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, izakhiwo ezinhle zokusebenza ngokubanda, kanye nokusebenza okuthembekile esikhathini esibanzi sokushisa. Iyizinga lensimbi engagqwali elichazwa kakhulu kuma-fasteners ezimbonini, ezokwakha, kanye nezinhlelo zemishini. I-SS316/316L (A4-70) iqukethe i-2–3% ye-molybdenum, enikeza ukumelana okungcono kakhulu nama-chloride kanye nokugqwala kwe-pitting. Isibonakaliso esithi “L” sibonisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi (≤ 0.03%), okunciphisa ingozi yokukhishwa kwe-carbide ngesikhathi sokushisela kanye nokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular. Isibonakaliso se-A2-70 / A4-70: U-“A” ubonisa insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, inombolo “2” noma “4” ibonisa iqembu lensimbi (A2 = 304-class, A4 = 316-class ene-molybdenum), kanti “70” ibonisa amandla okudonsa asezingeni eliphansi angu-700 MPa ngokwe-ISO 3506-1. Izindinganiso Nezicaciso Ipharamitha Imininingwane Uhlobo Lomkhiqizo Ibhawodi Enekhanda Le-Hex / I-Hex Nut / Ibhawodi Le-Stud (i-nut ehambisana nayo iyanikezwa) Izindinganiso Zobukhulu DIN 931 (i-partial thread) / DIN 933 (i-full thread) / ISO 4014 / ISO 4017 / ASME B18.2.1 Izindinganiso Zempahla ASTM A193 B8 / B8M / ISO 3506-1 / GB/T 3098.6 Usayizi We-Thread M6, M8, M10, M12, M16, M20, M24, M30, M36 (M42–M48 ngesicelo) I-Thread Pitch M6×1.0, M8×1.25, M10×1.5, M12×1.75, M16×2.0, M20×2.5, M24×3.0, M30×3.5 Ububanzi Bobude 10 mm – 300 mm (kungenziwa ngokwezifiso) Ukubekezelelana Kwe-Thread 6g (metric) Ukuqedwa Kwendawo Okulula / Okwenziwe i-Passivated / Okucwebezelisiwe Izinga Lomkhiqizo A (ngokwe-DIN / ISO) I-DIN 931 icacisa amabhawodi anekhanda le-hex ane-thread engaphelele ane-plain shank, kuyilapho i-DIN 933 icacisa amabhawodi anekhanda le-hex ane-thread ephelele. Zombili lezi zindinganiso zihlanganisa ama-metric coarse threads kusukela ku-M6 kuya ku-M36 kumazinga omkhiqizo A no-B, futhi zisebenza ngokufana ne-ISO 4014 (i-partial thread) kanye ne-ISO 4017 (i-full thread). I-ASTM A193 iyisicaciso sempahla esivelele sama-bolting ensimbi engagqwali ezinhlelweni ze-refinery, petrochemical, kanye ne-oil & gas. I-Grade B8 yenziwe nge-AISI 304 insimbi engagqwali ene-carbide solution treatment; i-Grade B8M yenziwe nge-AISI 316 insimbi engagqwali. Amabhawodi e-B8 afinyelela amandla okudonsa asezingeni eliphansi angu-75 ksi (515 MPa) kanye namandla okukhiqiza asezingeni eliphansi angu-30 ksi (205 MPa) esimweni se-Class 1. Izilinganiso Ezibalulekile (Isithenjwa — DIN 933 / ISO 4017) Usayizi We-Thread (d) I-Pitch (P) mm Ububanzi Kuzo Zonke Izindawo Eziyisicaba (s) mm Ukuphakama Kwekhanda (k) mm Ukuphakama Kwe-Hex Nut (m) mm M6 1.0 10.0 4.0 5.0 M8 1.25 13.0 5.3 6.5 M10 1.5 16.0 6.4 8.0 M12 1.75 18.0 7.5 10.0 M16 2.0 24.0 10.0 13.0 M20 2.5 30.0 12.5 16.0 M24 3.0 36.0 15.0 19.0 M30 3.5 46.0 18.7 24.0 M36 4.0 55.0 22.5 29.0 Zonke izilinganiso zihambisana nezindinganiso ze-DIN 931 / DIN 933 / ISO 4014 / ISO 4017. Izilinganiso ze-Nut ngokwe-DIN 934 / ISO 4032. Izici Zemishini (Isithenjwa — A2-70 / A4-70) Impahla A2-70 (SS304) A4-70 (SS316) Amandla Okudonsa ≥ 700 MPa ≥ 700 MPa Amandla Okukhiqiza (0.2% offset) ≥ 450 MPa ≥ 450 MPa Ukwelula ≥ 40% ≥ 40% Ubulukhuni ≤ 187 HRB ≤ 187 HRB Ububanzi Bokushisa Kwenkonzo −196°C kuya ku-+800°C −196°C kuya ku-+800°C Ukumelana Ne-Salt Spray ≥ 500 amahora ≥ 1,000 amahora Womabili amazinga e-A2-70 ne-A4-70 afinyelela amandla okudonsa asezingeni eliphansi angu-700 MPa kanye ne-0.2% proof stress engu-450 MPa ngokwe-ISO 3506-1. Amabhawodi e-SS304 ne-SS316 agcina izici zawo zemishini esikhathini esibanzi sokushisa kusukela ku-cryogenic (−196°C) kuya kumazinga aphezulu (+800°C). Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Amabhawodi e-hex ensimbi engagqwali kanye nama-nuts asetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini: Izixhumi Ezinama-Flange Ze-Oil & Gas — Ama-flange e-pipeline, ama-valve bonnets, imishini ye-wellhead, ukufakwa kwamaphampu kanye nama-compressor I-Petrochemical & Chemical Processing — Imikhumbi yama-reactor, ama-heat exchangers, imikhumbi yengcindezi, izisekelo zamapayipi I-Desalination & Marine — Ama-flange amapayipi amanzi olwandle, izixhumi zamapulatifomu asolwandle, imigqa yamanzi okupholisa Ukukhiqizwa Kukagesi — Ama-casing e-turbine, izixhumi ze-generator, amapayipi omusi Ukudla & Imithi — Izinhlelo zamapayipi e-sanitary, ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini e-hygienic Ukwakha & Ingqalasizinda — Izixhumi zensimbi zesakhiwo, ukubopha kwe-facade, ukubopha kwe-anchor I-Solar & Amandla Avuselelekayo — Izinhlelo zokufaka, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-battery module, ama-panel frames Izimoto & Ezokuthutha — Izisekelo ze-injini, izixhumi zesistimu ye-exhaust, izingxenye ze-chassis Ukuqonda Kwesifunda: Emaphrojekhini e-GCC refinery kanye ne-petrochemical, isidingo esivame kakhulu sama-bolting ensimbi engagqwali yi-A193 B8/B8M stud bolts ehambisana nama-A194 Grade 8/8M nuts. Ezinhlelweni zasogwini kanye ne-desalination, amabhawodi e-hex e-SS316L yisicaciso esincane ngenxa yendawo ene-chloride enobudlova ye-Arabian Gulf. Umgomo Wemakethe Ye-GCC: Amabhawodi e-hex ensimbi engagqwali ku-DIN 931, DIN 933, kanye ne-ISO 4014 kumazinga 304, 316, kanye ne-super duplex ayatholakala kubakhiqizi base-UAE abasebenza emikhakheni yezobunjiniyela bemishini, i-oil & gas, kanye nezokwakha. E-Saudi Arabia, abakhiqizi abahamba phambili bamabhawodi banikeza amabhawodi ensimbi engagqwali kumazinga e-SS 304, SS 316, kanye ne-SS 321, anezinketho ze-duplex kanye ne-super duplex ezimweni ezinzima, belandela izindinganiso ezihlanganisa i-ASTM A193, ASME B18.2.1, kanye ne-DIN 933. Ukuqedwa Kwendawo Nokuvikelwa Ekugqwaleni Ukuqedwa Ukubukeka Ukumelana Nokugqwala Indawo Enconyiwe Okulula (Insimbi Engagqwali Yemvelo) Okumpunga kwesiliva, okumatte Kuhle kakhulu — ungqimba lwe-passive lwemvelo Izimboni ezijwayelekile, ngaphakathi/ngaphandle Okwenziwe i-Passivated Okumpunga kwesiliva, indawo ehlanzekile kakhulu Kuthuthukisiwe — kususa ukungcola kwendawo Izindawo zasogwini, zamakhemikhali, e-hygienic Okucwebezelisiwe Kukhanyayo, kukhombisa Kuhle kakhulu Izinto zokuhlobisa, zezakhiwo, imishini yokudla I-SS304 inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zomoya, amanzi ahlanzekile, kanye namakhemikhali alula. Ungqimba lwe-chromium oxide ye-passive yemvelo lwakheka ngokuzenzakalela endaweni futhi luyazilungisa uma lonakaliswa. I-Passivation (ngokwe-ASTM A967 / GSO ISO 16048) inconywa ukukhulisa ukumelana nokugqwala ngokususa ukungcola kwendawo kanye ne-free iron. Umkhawulo: I-SS304 ayinconywa ezindaweni ezinothe nge-chloride njengokucwiliswa emanzini olwandle, i-salt spray, noma ukuchayeka ogwini phakathi kuka-10–20 km ukusuka ogwini, lapho kufanele kucaciswe i-SS316L (A4) esikhundleni salokho. Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Yonke imikhiqizo ikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi eziqinile ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-DIN 931 / DIN 933, ISO 4014 / ISO 4017, ASTM A193, kanye ne-ISO 3506-1. Izitifiketi zokuhlolwa kwempahla (EN 10204 3.1), imibiko yokuhlolwa kobukhulu, kanye nemibiko yokuhlolwa yomuntu wesithathu kunganikezwa ngesicelo. Izinyathelo zokulawula ikhwalithi ezenziwa kuqoqo ngalinye lokukhiqiza: Ukuqinisekiswa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwempahla yensimbi engagqwali Ukuhlolwa kwamandla okudonsa nokukhiqiza ngokwe-ISO 3506-1 Ukuhlolwa kwe-Thread gauge (go/no-go gauges) kokubekezelelana kwe-6g Ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni ukuqinisekisa ≤ 187 HRB Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwezinkinga zendawo kanye nokugqwala Ukupakisha Nokwenza Ngokwezifiso Ukupakisha Kokuthumela Ngaphandle: Ikhathoni / ibhokisi lokhuni / i-steel pallet Ukupakisha Kwasekhaya: Ibhokisi le-corrugated elijwayelekile / isikhwama sepulasitiki / inyanda I-OEM/ODM: Iyatholakala — osayizi abenziwe ngokwezifiso, izinhlobo ze-thread (metric / UNC / UNF / BSW), izinto (SS304, SS316, SS316L, SS201), kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo kungakhiqizwa ngokwemidwebo noma amasampula Ukunikezwa Kwe-Nut: Ama-hex nuts ahambisana nawo afaniswa ngezinga kanye nekilasi lempahla (i-nut ye-A2-70 yebhawodi le-A2-70; i-nut ye-A4-70 yebhawodi le-A4-70) I-MOQ: Kuyaxoxisana Imininingwane Yokuhlela Ukuze wenze i-oda noma ucele isilinganiso, sicela ucacise: Uhlobo lomkhiqizo — Ibhawodi elinekhanda le-hex (i-partial thread / i-full thread) / I-Hex nut / I-Stud bolt assembly Indinganiso — DIN 931 / DIN 933 / ISO 4014 / ISO 4017 / ASTM A193 Izinga lempahla — SS304 (A2-70) / SS316 (A4-70) / SS316L / SS201 Usayizi we-thread kanye ne-pitch — isb., M16 × 2.0 noma M20 × 2.5 Ubude — Cacisa ubude obuphelele kanye nobude be-thread uma kusebenza Ukuqedwa kwendawo — Okulula / Okwenziwe i-Passivated / Okucwebezelisiwe I-Anti-seize — Iyadingeka? (Yebo/Cha); uhlobo (i-moly-based / i-nickel-based / i-PTFE) Inani — Ngokubekezelelana kokuthumela ngaphezulu/ngaphansi Isitifiketi — EN 10204 3.1 MTC / Ukuhambisana ne-ISO 3506-1 / SASO (ye-Saudi Arabia) / EAC DoC + GOST-K (ye-Kazakhstan) Izidingo ezikhethekile — Ukumaka, ukupakisha, izinga le-nut ehambisana nayo, njll.