Uhlolojikelele Lomkhiqizo Lo mkhiqizo iyibhawudi lensimbi elinekhanda eliyisithupha elinemisonto egcwele yonke indawo, elenziwe nge-carbon steel ephakathi nendawo (Grade 8.8) noma i-alloy steel (Grade 10.9), elandela izindinganiso zobukhulu ze-DIN 933 / ISO 4017. Ibhawudi linesihloko esiyisithupha esijwayelekile kanye nemisonto ye-metric egcwele ubude bayo bonke, kanti i-M16 × 2.0 iyisayizi yayo esemqoka. Ukuqedwa nge-zinc kunikeza ukuvikelwa okuthembekile ekugqwaleni kwemishini ejwayelekile yezimboni, izakhiwo, kanye nezindawo zangaphandle. Umkhiqizo utholakala nge-Grade 8.8 kanye ne-Grade 10.9 ngokwe-ISO 898-1 — izigaba ezimbili eziphezulu kakhulu zokuqina ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni zensimbi, imishini, kanye namaphrojekthi engqalasizinda eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Asia Ephakathi. Uhlobo Lomkhiqizo & Idizayini Isici Incazelo Uhlobo Lomkhiqizo Ibhawudi Lensimbi Elinekhanda Eliphezulu / Ibhawudi Elinekhanda Eliphezulu Elinemithondo Egcwele Uhlobo Lwekhanda Ikhanda eliyisithupha elijwayelekile Ukuhlelwa Kwemisonto Umsonto ogcwele (DIN 933 / ISO 4017) Inkomba Yemisonto Kwesokudla (kwesokunxele kuyatholakala ngokucela) Ukubekezelelana Kwemisonto 6g (metric) Idizayini enemisonto egcwele isusa umsonto ongenawo umsonto, ivumela ibhawudi ukuthi lisetshenziswe kububanzi obukhulu bobude bokusetshenziswa futhi lenze ukuhlangana okugcwele kwemisonto ne-nut kungakhathaliseki ukujiya okuboshiwe. Lokhu kuyinzuzo ikakhulukazi ezixhumanisweni zezakhiwo ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bamapuleti kanye nasezicelweni lapho ibhawudi kufanele linqunywe ngobude endaweni. Izinto Zokwakha & Amazinga Amaqiniso Izinga Izinto Amandla Okuqina (okuncane) Amandla Okuvumela Umsebenzi (okuncane) Ubulukhuni Izicelo Ezijwayelekile 8.8 I-carbon steel ephakathi nendawo (45#, 10B21), i-quenched & tempered ≥800 MPa ≥640 MPa 250–320 HB Izakhiwo zensimbi, imishini, ukuxhumana okujwayelekile 10.9 I-alloy steel (35CrMo, 40Cr, SCM435), i-quenched & tempered ≥1,040 MPa ≥940 MPa 320–380 HV Imishini esindayo, insimbi yezakhiwo, ukuxhumana okunomthwalo ophezulu Amabhawudi e-Grade 8.8 afinyelela amandla okuqina okuncane angu-800 MPa kanye namandla okuvumela angu-640 MPa, kanti u-"8" umele cishe u-1/100 wamandla okuqina okuncane nge-MPa kanti u-".8" ubonisa isilinganiso sokuvumela-kuya-kuqina esingu-0.8. Amabhawudi e-Grade 10.9 anikeza amandla okuqina okuncane angu-1,040 MPa kanye namandla okuvumela okuncane angu-940 MPa, kanti u-".9" ubonisa isilinganiso sokuvumela-kuya-kuqina esingu-0.9. Izinga 8.8 liyisigaba samabhawudi anamandla aphezulu esisetshenziswa kakhulu ensimbini yezakhiwo ezijwayelekile kanye nemishini. Izinga 10.9 linikeza cishe u-30% wamandla okuqina aphezulu futhi lisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwezakhiwo ezinomthwalo osindayo, izingxenye zezimoto, kanye nemishini yokucindezela ephezulu. Izindinganiso & Izicaciso Ipharamitha Imininingwane Uhlobo Lomkhiqizo Ibhawudi Lensimbi Elinekhanda Eliphezulu / Elinemithondo Egcwele Indinganiso DIN 933 / ISO 4017 / GB/T 5783 / DIN 931 / ISO 4014 Usayizi Wemisonto M16 × 2.0 (okujwayelekile); M6–M36 kuyatholakala Ububanzi Bobude 16 mm – 300 mm (kungenziwa ngokwezifiso) Uhlobo Lwemisonto I-metric coarse (M) / Metric fine / UNC / UNF / BSW Ukubekezelelana Kwemisonto 6g (metric) Ukuqedwa Kwangaphezulu I-Zinc Plated (Blue-White / Clear / Yellow) Izinto I-Carbon steel: 45#, 10B21; I-Alloy steel: 35CrMo, 40Cr, SCM435 I-DIN 933 icacisa amabhawudi anekhanda eliyisithupha anemisonto egcwele anemisonto ye-metric coarse, futhi isebenza ngokufana ne-ISO 4017. Zombili lezi zindinganiso zihlanganisa amazinga omkhiqizo A no-B. Usayizi we-M16×2.0 uwumsonto we-metric coarse ojwayelekile kakhulu wezicelo zezakhiwo nezimboni e-GCC. Izilinganiso Ezibalulekile (M16, DIN 933 / ISO 4017) Ipharamitha Isilinganiso Umsonto (d) M16 I-Thread Pitch (P) 2.0 mm Ububanzi Phakathi Kwama-Flats (s) 24.0 mm Ububanzi Phakathi Kwama-Corners (e, min.) 26.75 mm Ukuphakama Kwekhanda (k) 10.0 mm Ubude Bemisonto Umsonto ogcwele (ubude obujwayelekile) Zonke izilinganiso zihambisana nezindinganiso ze-DIN 933 / ISO 4017. Izici Zemishini (Isithenjwa) Usayizi Izinga Amandla Okuqina (MPa) Amandla Okuvumela (MPa) Umthwalo Wobufakazi (MPa) Ubulukhuni M16 8.8 800 640 580 250–320 HB M16 10.9 1,040 940 830 320–380 HV M20 8.8 800 640 580 250–320 HB M20 10.9 1,040 940 830 320–380 HV M24 8.8 800 640 580 250–320 HB M24 10.9 1,040 940 830 320–380 HV Ku-Grade 8.8 kumasayizi M5–M16, umthwalo wobufakazi omncane ngu-580 MPa, kanti i-Grade 10.9 ifinyelela umthwalo wobufakazi omncane ongu-830 MPa kububanzi obufanayo bosayizi. Ubulukhuni be-Rockwell C be-Grade 10.9 ngokujwayelekile busuka ku-32 kuya ku-36 HRC ngokwezindinganiso ezifanele. Ukuqedwa Kwangaphezulu & Ukuvikelwa Ekugqwaleni Ukuqedwa Ubukhulu Bokumboza Ukumelana Ne-Salt Spray Indawo Enconywayo I-Zinc Plated (Blue-White) 8–12 μm 72–144 amahora Ngaphakathi, izimboni ezijwayelekile I-Zinc Plated (Yellow) 8–12 μm 96–168 amahora Ngaphandle, ukugqwala okuphakathi I-Zinc Plated (Clear) 5–8 μm 48–96 amahora Ngaphakathi, ukuvikelwa kwesikhashana I-Hot-Dip Galvanized (HDG) 45–85 μm 500–1,500+ amahora Ngaphandle, ogwini, olwandle I-Dacromet (Zinc-Flake) 5–12 μm 600–1,500+ amahora Ogwini, olwandle, ukugqwala okuphezulu I-Zinc plating inikeza ukuvikelwa okuzinikezayo (cathodic) ensimbini engaphansi. Ukumboza kwe-zinc kugqwala kuqala, kuvikele insimbi engaphansi ekugqwaleni. I-blue-white zinc plating ejwayelekile inikeza ukuvikelwa okuhle ekugqwaleni kwezicelo zangaphakathi nezimboni ezijwayelekile. Inothi elibalulekile le-Grade 10.9: Amabhawudi anamandla aphezulu e-electroplated (Grade 10.9 nangaphezulu) asengozini ye-hydrogen embrittlement ngesikhathi senqubo yokumboza. Ngokwe-ISO 4042, izinto zokubopha ezinobulukhuni obungaphezu kwe-320 HV zidinga ukubhakwa ngemuva kokumboza ku-190–220°C amahora angu-4–24 ukukhipha i-hydrogen nokuvimbela ukuqhekeka okubhrittle okubambezelekile. Ukubhaka kufanele kwenziwe emahoreni ambalwa ngemuva kokumboza ukuze kusebenze. Ezicelweni ezibalulekile noma zasogwini, i-Dacromet (zinc-flake) coating inconywa njengenye indlela esusa ngokuphelele ingozi ye-hydrogen embrittlement ngenkathi inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu. Izicaciso Ze-Torque Usayizi Izinga 8.8 I-Tightening Torque (N·m) Izinga 10.9 I-Tightening Torque (N·m) M10 48 65 M12 86 117 M16 210 285 M20 410 560 M24 710 970 Amanani e-torque acabanga u-μ = 0.12–0.14 (zinc-plated, engaxutshiwe). Ezintweni zokubopha ezigcotshiwe noma ezimboziwe, lungisa i-torque ngokufanele. Izicelo Amabhawudi anekhanda eliyisithupha anamandla aphezulu asetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke izimboni: Isakhiwo Sensimbi & Ukwakha — Ukuxhumana kwe-Beam-to-column, ukubopha, ukubopha isisekelo sekholomu, ukuhlanganisa uhlaka lwensimbi Izikhungo Ze-Oil & Gas — Ama-Pipe racks, izisekelo ze-pressure vessel, ukuxhumana kwezakhiwo ezitshalweni ze-petrochemical Ukukhiqizwa Kukagesi — Ukufakwa kwe-Turbine, ukubopha i-generator, ukuxhumana kwe-transmission tower Imishini Esindayo — Ama-Presses, ama-cranes, imishini yezimayini, imishini yokwakha I-Desalination & Olwandle — Ukubopha kwezakhiwo ezifakweni zasogwini nangaphandle olwandle (nge-HDG noma i-Dacromet coating) Ibhuloho & Ingqalasizinda — Ukuxhumana kwe-Girder, ukubopha i-expansion joint, ukufakwa kwe-guardrail Izimboni Ezijwayelekile — Ukuhlanganisa imishini, ukuxhumana kohlaka, ama-adjustment rods Amabhawudi e-Grade 8.8 ayisinqumo esijwayelekile sezakhiwo zensimbi ezijwayelekile nezicelo zemishini, kanti i-Grade 10.9 isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwezakhiwo ezinomthwalo osindayo lapho kudingeka khona amandla okuqina aphezulu kanye ne-preload. Ukuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Yonke imikhiqizo ikhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi eziqinile ngokuhambisana ne-ISO 898-1 (izici zemishini zezinto zokubopha), i-DIN 933 / ISO 4017 (izindinganiso zobukhulu), kanye ne-ISO 4042 (ama-electroplated coatings). Izitifiketi zokuhlolwa kwezinto (EN 10204 3.1), imibiko yokuhlolwa kobukhulu, imibiko yokuhlolwa kobulukhuni, kanye nemibiko yokuhlolwa yezinkampani zangaphandle (SGS, BV, CTI) kunganikezwa ngokucela. Kumabhawudi e-Grade 10.9, ukuhlolwa kokuqina, ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokubhaka kokukhulula i-hydrogen embrittlement kwenziwa ku-batch ngayinye yokukhiqiza. Ukupakisha & Ukwenza Ngokwezifiso I-Export Packing: Ikhathoni / ibhokisi lokhuni / i-steel pallet I-Domestic Packing: Ibhokisi le-corrugated elijwayelekile / isikhwama I-OEM/ODM: Iyatholakala — osayizi abenziwe ngokwezifiso, izinhlobo zemisonto, izinto, amazinga amandla, kanye nokuqedwa kwangaphezulu kungenziwa ngokwemidwebo noma amasampula I-MOQ: Kuyaxoxisana Imininingwane Yokucela Ukufaka i-oda noma ukucela isilinganiso sentengo, sicela ucacise: Uhlobo lomkhiqizo — Ibhawudi elinekhanda eliyisithupha (elinemithondo egcwele / elinemithondo engaphelele) Indinganiso — DIN 933 / ISO 4017 / DIN 931 / ISO 4014 / GB/T 5783 Izinto — I-Carbon steel (45#, 10B21) / I-Alloy steel (35CrMo, 40Cr, SCM435) Izinga lamandla — 8.8 / 10.9 Usayizi wemisonto ne-pitch — isb., M16 × 2.0 (okujwayelekile) Ubude — Cacisa ubude obuphelele (isb., 40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm) Ukuqedwa kwangaphezulu — I-Zinc plated (cacisa umbala) / HDG / Dacromet / Plain Inani — Ngokubekezelelana kokuthunyelwa okungaphezulu/okungaphansi Isitifiketi — EN 10204 3.1 MTC / Ukuhambisana ne-ISO 898-1 / SASO (ye-Saudi Arabia) / EAC CoC (ye-Kazakhstan) Izidingo ezikhethekile — Ukubekezelelana kwemisonto, ukumaka, ukupakisha, irekhodi lokubhaka kwe-hydrogen embrittlement (ye-zinc-plated 10.9)