I-Polyethylene ingenye yezinhlobo zeplastiki ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, ibonakala njenge-high density polyethylene ezitsheni eziqinile, i-expanded polyethylene emaphakheji avikela, kanye nefilimu ethambile ebhalwe njenge-polyethylene polythene. Ukuvela kwalezi zinto ze-polythene kwenza kube yingxenye enkulu yemfucumfucu yezokwakha nezimboni, nokho ukuzinza kwazo kwekemikhali kanye nezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe kubeka izinselelo ezinkulu zokuphinda usebenzise. Ukuphinda usebenzise ngokomshini kuvame ukwehlisa ikhwalithi, kukhiqiza ama-blends e-polyethylene aphindwe asebenza kancane futhi anokuncishiswa kokusetshenziswa, okukhuthaza ukungatholakali kokuphinda usebenzise ngezinga elikhulu. Ukuphinda usebenzise ngokwemichilo kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-catalytic kunikeza izindlela zokuguqula ama-polymers aphukile abe yizinto zokudla eziphezulu, kuhlanganise nama-monomers noma amakhemikhali ajwayelekile afana ne-propylene. Le ngxenye ibeka phambili inselelo futhi iletha inqubo entsha ye-catalytic ethuthukiswe e-UC Berkeley ehlose ukuguqula izinto ze-polythene zibe yi-propylene, ibhekana nezinhlelo zokubuyisela izinto kanye nezinhloso zokuphindaphinda emgqeni wamanani weplastiki.

I-Propylene iyisisekelo esiyinhloko embonini ye-petrochemical, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-polypropylene nezinye amakhemikhali abalulekile, futhi isidingo se-propylene emhlabeni siqhubeka nokukhula ngokukhula kwemboni. Ukuthembela kumafutha emvelo ukukhiqiza i-propylene kuletha ukukhishwa kwegesi eluhlaza, ukungazinzi kokuhlinzekwa, kanye nezinkinga zokwehla kwezinsiza, okwenza izindlela ezihlukile zibe nentshisekelo enkulu kumabhizinisi afuna ukuzinza nokunciphisa umthelela wabo emvelweni. Ukuvuselela imijikelezo yokuphuma efana ne-high density polyethylene ne-expanded polyethylene ibe yi-propylene kunganciphisa ukuthembela kumafutha omhlaba kanye negesi yemvelo, ngenkathi kuthola inani lezakhi ezivela ku-polyethylene ephindwe kabili enenani eliphansi. Kubantu bezinkampani kanye nezinkampani zokuphinda zisebenzise ezihlola ukutshalwa kwezimali kumateknoloji ajikelezayo, ikhono lokuguqula izinto ezihlukahlukene ze-polythene zibe yi-monomer edingekayo kakhulu limele ithuba lokuphila kwemvelo kanye nezomnotho. Ucwaningo lwe-UC Berkeley luhlola lezi zidingo zezimboni ngokukhombisa indlela yokuphendula ehlanganisa ukuphathwa kwemfucumfucu nezidingo ze-petrochemical feedstock.

Ithimba le-UC Berkeley libike isu elinamasu amabili lokukhipha i-polyethylene futhi lishintsha ngokukhethekile izingcezu ezitholakalayo zibe yi-propylene, okuyithuthukiso elibalulekile uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokuphula ezingenakukhetha. Emaphutheni esayensi, le nqubo ihlanganisa ukunciphisa okuqondile kwe-oxidative depolymerization noma ukusika okukhuthaziwe ne-dehydrogenation ekhethekile kanye nezinguquko ezifanayo ne-metathesis ukuze kuqondiswe ukusabalala kwemikhiqizo kube yi-propylene. Ucwaningo lugcizelela ukuklama kwekatalyst kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokuphendula ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphuka okujulile nokwakheka kwe-coke, okuyizithiyo ezivamile lapho processing izinsiza ze-polythene ezihlanganisiwe. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwe-propylene kusuka kumodeli ye-high density polyethylene kanye nezinsiza ze-plastiki ezihlanganisiwe, kanye nokusebenza okukhanga nge-samples ye-polyethylene ephinde yasetshenziswa. Lezi zinto zikhombisa indlela efanele yokuguqula izinto ze-polythene ezinamandla amancane zibe yiphakheji ye-petrochemical ephakeme, engashintsha umnotho wezokuphinda usebenzise kanye nezimakethe ze-plastification.

Indlela yokusebenza ye-catalytic ithembela kumakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ahlukaniswe ngokwezifiso athatha izinyathelo ezilandelanayo: ukuvulwa kwe-C–C bond, ukusikeka okukhethiweyo kwe-β, kanye nokuhlanza kwe-catalytic okukh leads to the formation of propylene. Amakhemikhali asebenzisa insimbi—kuhlanganisa nezinsimbi ezisekelwe ezinsimbini ezihambayo kanye nezindawo ezimbili ezihlanganisa imisebenzi ye-asidi kanye ne-insimbi—adlala indima ebalulekile ekuvumeleleni ukusikeka kwe-bond okukhethiweyo nokuhlelwa kabusha. Isibonelo, amakhemikhali asekelwe ku-tungsten, molybdenum, noma nickel angasiza ekusikekeni kwe-chain ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo, kanti izindawo ezisebenza nge-metathesis noma amakhemikhali okukhipha i-dehydrogenation okukhethiweyo aholela ekuhlinzekeni kwe-fragment ku-C3 olefins njenge-propylene. Ubulungiswa bezinyathelo—ukulawula okushisa, isikhathi sokuhlala, kanye nokulungiswa kokudla—kuqhubeka kulungisa ukukhethwa komkhiqizo futhi kuphumeza imiphumela engafunwa. Umsebenzi we-UC Berkeley ubike izivuno nezikhethwa ezihambisana nezinqubo ze-petrochemical ezingeni lelabhu, okukhombisa isikhumbuzo esibalulekile sokuguqulwa okuholelwa yizikhuthazi ze-polyethylene polythene kube yi-propylene.

Ukuguqula i-polyethylene eyandisiwe nezinye izinto ze-polythene zibe yi-propylene kuvumela izindlela zokuphinda zisebenze ezandisa kakhulu inani lezinto uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphinda kusebenze kwe-mechanical ukuze kube ne-pellets ze-polyethylene eziphindwe kabili. Imikhakha edla ama-volumu amakhulu e-propylene—njengemoto, ukupakisha, nezimpahla zabathengi—izothola inzuzo emthonjeni we-propylene onamandla aphansi e-carbon ovela ku-polyethylene yokusetshenziswa kwangaphambi naku-polyethylene yezimboni. Inqubo ye-catalytic ihlolwe ezinsizakweni ezahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-packaging ye-polyethylene enedensity ephezulu, amafilimu e-polyethylene ahlanganisiwe, kanye nezinsiza ze-polyethylene eziphindwe kabili ezonakele, ikhombisa ukuqina eziphazamisweni ezivamile ezitholakala emathuneni. Ngokukhipha izinto ze-polythene ezivela ezindaweni zokugcina udoti nasekushiseni ukuze kukhiqizwe izinsiza ze-chemical, le ndlela yehlisa ama-volumu odoti futhi idala imithombo emisha yokwenzela imali kubatholi nodoti nabaphakeli. Ukusebenzisa le nqubo ngezinga elikhulu kungathuthukisa izilinganiso zokuphindaphinda ezikhiqizweni nasekusekeleni imigomo yokusimama kwezinkampani ephathelene nezinto eziphindwe kabili kanye nokunciphisa igesi ye-greenhouse.

Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kudinga ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kokudla nezidingo zokulungiselela, njengoba izengezo, amafutha, kanye nezinhlobo ze-polymer ezihlanganisiwe zithinta impilo ye-catalyst kanye ne-slate yomkhiqizo. Izivivinyo ezihlanganisa i-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu kanye nezinto ezine-densities eziphansi zikhombisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okuncane nokususwa kokungcolile kungagcina ukusebenza kwe-catalyst ngenkathi kugcinwa ukuhweba okuhle. Iziqukathi zokusebenza ezihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemishini, ukulungiswa kokushisa, kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-catalytic zenza kube nokukhiqiza okuphezulu kwe-propylene futhi kwehlisa izindleko zokuhlanzwa eziphakeme. Lapho zisetshenziswa kumasipala ahlanganisiwe, izindlela ze-catalytic ezikhethiweyo zingakhipha amafaction e-propylene abalulekile, kodwa imisebenzi eyengeziwe—njengokuhlukaniswa nokwehlukaniswa kwegesi—iyadingeka ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-propylene ephezulu yokusetshenziswa kwe-polymer-grade. Lezi zicabangela zobuchwepheshe zishintsha ukuklama kwezitshalo nezimodeli zokuchitha ezisebenzayo zamafemu abheka ukwamukela ubuchwepheshe.

Inqubo ye-UC Berkeley yokwakha i-catalytic manje isesigabeni sokucwaninga esithuthukile kanye nezivivinyo zokuhlola, ngomsebenzi oqhubekayo ogxile ekwandiseni ukukhiqizwa kwe-catalyst, ukwandisa impilo ye-catalyst, nokuhlanganisa imiklamo ye-reactor eqhubekayo efanelekile ukuze kusebenze embonini. Ukuhanjiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokubonisa ezivivinyweni ziwumsebenzi ojwayelekile olandelayo, odinga ubudlelwano phakathi kweqembu lezemfundo, izinkampani zamakhemikhali, kanye nezinkampani zokuphatha udoti ukuze kuqinisekiswe umnotho nezokuhamba ngezinyathelo ezinkulu. Amandla okuthengisa axhomeke ekusebenzeni kahle kwemali, ukutholakala kwezinto zokusetshenziswa (kuhlanganisa nemithamo ye-polyethylene ephindwe kabili kanye ne-polyethylene eyandisiwe), kanye nezikhuthazo zomthetho zokudla okuphindaphindiwe. Abathengi bokuqala emkhakheni wezamakhemikhali kanye nokuphinda kusebenze bangathola izinzuzo ezibalulekile ngokuthola izinsiza ze-propylene ezine-carbon ephansi ngenkathi behlinzeka ngemakethe entsha ye-polyethylene ephindwe kabili. Abatshalizimali kanye nezinkampani ze-R&D zizobheka ukuqina kwe-catalyst, ubukhulu bamandla, kanye nezibalo ze-gas ye-greenhouse yokuphila ukuze kuhlolwe ukuvikeleka uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwe-propylene okusekelwe kumafossil.

Ukuvela kwezindlela zokusebenza eziguqula izinto ze-polythene zibe yi-propylene kubonisa isinyathelo esibalulekile sokuphothula umjikelezo wezinsalela ze-polyethylene polythene. Ngokuhlinzeka ngezindlela zokuguqula ezikhethiwe, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi lungakhuphula izinsalela ze-polyethylene eziphindwe kabili zibe yizinsiza zokukhiqiza ipholima ejwayelekile, kungenzeka kwehlise ukuncika ezinsizeni eziphuma emithonjeni yemvelo. Ukwamukelwa okubanzi kuzoncika ekwandiseni iziboniso, ezinqubweni zomthetho ezibeka inani ezinsizeni ezijikelezayo, kanye nokubambisana phakathi kwabathintekayo emkhakheni wokuhlinzeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinsalela nokulungiswa kwazo. Umbono wesikhathi eside uyakhuthaza: njengoba imikhakha ye-catalytic ithuthuka futhi amaphrojekthi wokuhlola ekhombisa ukubuyiselwa kwezomnotho, imboni yeplastiki ingahlanganisa izindlela zokuphinda zisebenze ezihambisana nezokuphinda zisebenze, iguqula indlela amabhizinisi aphatha ngayo izinto ze-polythene nezinsalela ezihlobene.

Abafundi abafuna ukuhlola izinketho zabahlinzeki bezinto zeplastiki, imishini yokucubungula, noma ukufunda ngabadlali bemboni bangabheka ozakwethu bezohwebo namakhasi olwazi agcinwe ngabahlinzeki bezinto zeplastiki kanye nezinkampani zokuhweba zomhlaba. Isibonelo, amapulatifomu ezohwebo afana nekhasi le-HOME ahlinzeka ngokuqonda kwemikhiqizo kanye neprofayela yezinkampani ezibalulekile kumathimba okuthenga abahlola abahlinzeki bezinto zokusetshenziswa nemishini. Ikhasi leMikhiqizo likhatalogu izinketho zezinto ezihlanganisa ama-grade e-polyethylene aphezulu kanye nezithasiselo ezithinta ukuguqulwa kwekatalytic okuphansi. Ikhasi le-About Us lichaza amakhono enkampani nezixhumanisi zokuhweba zomhlaba ezihlobene nokuthola i-polyethylene esebenzisiwe nezinto ze-polythene zokuthola izimpahla zokuhlola. Amabhulogi emboni, afana nekhasi le-Blog, ahlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo ngentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe nezitayela zemakethe eziphathelene nezinto zeplastiki kanye nezinto ezintsha zokuphinda zisetshenziswe. Ukuze kuqale izicelo zokuhweba noma izingxoxo zokubambisana, ozakwethu abangaba khona bangasebenzisa ikhasi le-Contact Us ukuze basungule uxhumano futhi bahlolisise ukuthengwa kwezimpahla zokuhlola, ukuhanjiswa kwezibonelo, noma amathuba okubambisana.

Umfanekiso 13791924718 ubonakala emadokhumenti ephrojekthi njengophawu lwezokuhlanganyela futhi ungahambisana ne-akhawunti yenkampani noma isithombe sokuxhumana ezinhlelweni zokuthenga; lapho kukhona ukuhweba okuqondile, lezi zimpawu zingasiza ekulandeleni amarekhodi abahlinzeki nezintambo zokuxhumana. Uma 13791924718 imele isikhungo esibandakanyeka ekuthengiseni izinto zokwenziwa, ukubambisana kungabandakanya ukuhlinzeka nge-polyethylene enobukhulu obuphezulu, izinto zok feedstock ze-polyethylene ezandisiwe, noma imishini yokucubungula ehambisana nobuchwepheshe bokuguqulwa kwekatalitikhi. Izinhlangano ezihlola ukusetyenziswa kufanele ziqinisekise iziqu zabahlinzeki, izincazelo zezinto, kanye namakhono wezokuthutha ahlobene nanoma yiziphi ikhodi ze-akhawunti ezinombolo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana komugqa wokuhlinzeka. Ukusungula ingxoxo ekuqaleni nabahlinzeki nabalingani bezohwebo—kusebenzisa amakhasi ezinkampani neziteshi zokuxhumana—kusiza ukuhlela izifundo zamasampula, izincazelo zekhwalithi, kanye nezikhathi zokuhlola zokubonisa ukujikeleza kwekatalitikhi.

Izinkampani ezicabangela ukwamukela ukuguqulwa kwe-polyethylene kuya ku-propylene kufanele ziqale ngokuqhuba ukuhlola ukufezeka okuhlela imithombo yamanje yokuphinda isetshenziswe i-polyethylene ne-polyethylene ebanzi, zilinganise ama-profiles okungcolisa, futhi zihlola ubude bokuba seduze nezinkampani ezikhiqiza amakhemikhali. Indlela ehlukanisiwe—eqala ngezivivinyo ezisebenzayo ezisebenzisa amasampula e-polyethylene aphindwe kabili, idlulela ezivivinyweni eziphilayo ezisebenzisa ama-catalysts aqinisekisiwe, futhi ekugcineni ihlanganisa isitshalo sokubonisa—inciphisa ingozi yezobuchwepheshe nezokuhweba. Xhumana nabahlinzeki bezinto kanye nabathengisi bezinsiza kusenesikhathi ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zabahlinzeki ezifana namakhasi eMikhiqizo neHOMEPAGE ukuze uthole izigaba ezifanele ze-resin, ama-reactors, nezinhlelo zokuhlanzeka. Sebenza nabahlinzeki bezobuchwepheshe ukuze uchaze izindlela zokubuyisela ama-catalysts kanye nezinketho zokuphuma zokusebenzisa ama-catalysts asebenzile. Ekugcineni, faka ukuhlaziywa kokuphila kanye nezinto ezisemthethweni kumamodeli wephrojekthi ukuze uthole amathuba okukhuthazwa kokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphindwayo.